be
英 [bi]
美 [bi]
v. 有；在；是；到达；拜访
第三人称单数: is 现在分词: being 过去式: was/were 过去分词: been
be (am is are; was were; been) 义务阶段1500 全国卷频次:1028
/biː/
v.
其人称和形式变化有am，is，are，was，were，being，been (助动词)用于构成时态或被动语态；(连系动词)是
高考真题原句提选：
Be sure to make a list of all of her medicines and what times she takes them.
Don’t be afraid of asking for help when it is needed.
I hope the examination won’t be too difficult for you.
No one could be sure.
How Can a Small Stamp Be Worth $16,800?
A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.
Such an idea could not even be considered.
The dark-colored road surface makes the youngsters hard to be noticed.
Take our car. We won’t be using it over the holiday.
Which of the following will the trainees be doing during the program?
Fred just told me that you’re going to be leaving us.
It’s a pleasure to be here.
And it turns out to be an hour.
There did seem to be a mistake.
I don’t pretend to be an expert.
I used to be a tour guide for Chinese travellers.
I need to be in my office in 15 minutes.
Well, maybe things are not as bad as they seem to be.
Now, a new study suggests getting benefits from exercise doesn’t have to be that demanding.
Tomorrow’s going to be tough, much tougher than today.
And what kind of person does he show himself to be?
The other day someone named Davis came to me and said that he used to be a great dreamer.
To be honest, I don’t think I was helping very much.
Hehan lived the rest of his days—eight years, to be exact—imprisoned not far from the Taj Mahal.
Tales From Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet, whether it be cat, dog or snake!
Then when they come to other doors in life, be they real or metaphorical, they won’t hesitate to open them and walk through.
This great new mass of humanity will be using technologies that have yet to be invented in ways we cannot imagine and in jobs that don’t yet exist.
They may require that travellers be with an official guide at all times during their stay.
二、词组｜习惯用语
so be it 诚心所愿；顺其自然
let be 听任；不干涉，不打扰
三、词根记忆
be
v.
(就)是,等於;(存)在;到達,來到,發生He will be happy in the future.他將來會幸福的.
[biː] (is/are,being,was/were/been)
be ‘after sth
■to try to get or obtain sth追求，争取(某事物):
Several people in the office are after the same job.
办公室里有几个人想做同一件工作。
She’s being too nice. I wonder what she’s after.
她表现得好过了头。我不知道她图的是什么。
[G]v+prep
be ‘at sb (informal, especially BrE)=BE/GO/KEEP ON AT SB
be ‘at sth
■to be busy doing sth忙于(做某事):
He’s been at his essay all night.
他整整一夜都在写文章。
I’ll be at it all day tomorrow.
我明天一整天都会用来处理这事的。
[G]v+prep
be ‘at it
■to behave badly; to argue or fight表现差；争吵；打架:
The kids are at it again.
孩子们又闹起来了。
be a’way
■to not be at home, especially when you are on holiday/vacation or on a business trip外出(尤指度假或出差):
We’ll be away for the month of August.
我们八月份要外出度假。
He’s away on business at the moment.
他出差了。
[G]v+adv
be be’fore sb=BE UP BEFORE SB
be be’hind sb
■to give sb your support支持某人:
Don’t forget that we’re behind you all the way.
别忘了我们始终支持你。
[G]v+prep
be be’hind with sth
■to be late doing sth, such as paying a bill, your rent, etc.耽搁；拖欠:
We’re behind with the mortgage repayments.
我们没有按时偿还按揭贷款。
I’m behind with my college assignments.
我没依时完成大学作业。
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘down
■if a computer system is down, it is not working temporarily(计算机系统)出故障；暂时停机:
Surely your computer isn’t down again?
你的计算机一定不是又坏了吧？
[G]v+adv
be ‘down on sb
■to treat sb severely or unfairly对某人苛刻(或不公平):
He’s been really down on me lately.
他最近特别和我过不去。
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘down to sb
■to be the responsibility of sb; to be sb’s fault是某人的责任；是某人的错:
It’s down to you to help them now.
现在该你帮助他们了。
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘down to sth
■to have only a little money left只剩一点钱； 所剩无几:
I’m down to my last dollar.
我只剩最后一块钱了。
[G]v+adv+prep
be/go ‘down with sth
■to have or catch an illness生病；患…病:
Gill’s down with flu.
吉尔得了流感。
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘in
■to be in fashion时髦；入时:
Miniskirts are in this season.
本季度流行超短裙。
■to be elected to a political position当选(政治职位):
The Democrats are in for another term.
民主党获选连任。
[G]v+adv
be ‘in for sth (informal)
■to be going to experience sth soon, especially sth unpleasant即将面临(尤指令人不快的事):
She’s in for a shock.
她就要碰上一件震惊的事了。
It looks like we’re in for a storm.
我们好像要遇到暴风雨了。
[G]v+adv+prep
be/get ‘in on sth (informal)
■to have a share in or knowledge of sth; to be or become involved in sth参与；知道；涉足:
Are you in on the secret?
你知道这个秘密吗？
I’d like to be in on the deal.
我很想加入这桩交易。
[G]v+adv+prep
be (well) ‘in with sb
■to be (very) friendly with sb and likely to get an advantage from the friendship同某人关系密切(可从中获益)
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘into sth
■to have a taste for or an interest in sth爱好；对…感兴趣:
Are you into jazz music?
你喜欢爵士乐吗？
He’s been into trains since he was a small boy.
他从小就很喜欢火车。
[G]v+prep
be ‘off
■to leave; to go, especially in a hurry离开；(匆忙)走开:
I must be off.
我必须走了。
■to have gone bad and not be fit to eat or drink变质(不宜食用或饮用):
This milk is off.
牛奶坏了。
[G]v+adv
be ‘off sth
■to have no interest in sth; to have stopped liking sth对(某事物)不感兴趣；不再喜欢:
She can’t be well. She’s been off her food all week.
她的身体不可能很好。她厌食整整一星期了。
That’s it. I’m off men for life.
就是这样。我一辈子都对男子提不起兴趣。
■to have finished speaking on the telephone打完电话:
Isn’t he off the phone yet?
他还没打完电话吗？
[G]v+prep
be ,off for ‘sth (informal)
■to have a particular amount of sth有某数量的…:
How are we off for coffee }(= how much have we got)&b{?
我们有多少咖啡？
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘on
■(of an event, a show, a performance, etc.活动、演出、表演等) to be happening; to take place进行中:
Is the party still on?
聚会还没散吗？
■(of a performer演员) to be on the stage; to perform在台上；演出:
Who’s on next?
下面该谁上台？
We’re on after the support band.
我们在伴奏响起之后上台。
■(of food食物) to be cooking在烹调中:
Are the potatoes on?
土豆烧上了吗？
[G]v+adv
you’re ‘on (spoken, informal)
■used when you are accepting a bet or a challenge(接受赌注或挑战时说)
////
be ‘on sb
■if sth such as drinks, food, tickets, etc.are on sb, they are paid for by that person(饮料、食物、票等)由某人支付:
The drinks are on me tonight.
今晚的饮料我买单。
[G]v+prep
be ‘on sth
■to be taking medicine, a drug, etc.在服用(药物、毒品等):
She’s been on the pill for ten years.
她服用这种药有十年了。
I’m on strong painkillers.
我在服用强力止痛药。
■to be talking to sb on the telephone(和某人)在通电话:
She’s been on the phone for hours.
她打电话有好几个小时了。
■to be eating or drinking sth在吃(或喝)…:
I’m on my third coffee already this morning.
这是我今早喝的第三杯咖啡了。
[G]v+prep
what are you ‘on? (spoken, informal)
■used when you are very surprised at sb’s behaviour and are suggesting that they are acting in a similar way to sb using drugs(认为对方行为不正常)你吃了什么药
be ‘on about sth (informal, especially BrE)
■to talk about sth, often in a boring way; to mean sth谈论，唠叨(某事)；意思是:
He’s always on about how much money he earns.
他总爱唠叨他赚多少钱。
What are you on about? }(= I don’t really understand)&b{.
你究竟是什么意思？
[G]v+adv+prep
be/go/keep ‘on at sb (also be ‘at sb) (informal,especially BrE)
■to try to persuade sb to do sth by talking about it very often and in an annoying way反复劝说，纠缠(某人):
I’ve been on at my husband to go to the doctor, but he won’t.
我不断地劝我丈夫去看医生，可他就是不去。
[synonym]nag sb
[G]v+adv+prep ◆ v+prep
be ‘onto sb (informal)
■to become aware that sb has done sth wrong or illegal and be trying to catch them捕捉，缉捕(犯错或违法者):
The police aren’t onto us yet.
警方还没有发觉要捉拿我们。
■to talk to sb about sth, especially to complain about sth or ask them to do sth和某人谈(某事)；(尤指)向某人抱怨，要求某人(做某事):
I’ve been onto the council about the noise.
我已经和委员会谈过噪音的问题了。
[G]v+prep
be ‘onto sth
■to find or discover sth that could have very good results for you or for sb else找到，发现(会对自己或他人带来很好结果的事物):
She could be onto something }(= she might have discovered sth that will prove important)&b{.
她可能发现了重要线索。
[G]v+prep
be ‘out
■to have stopped work as a protest and be on strike罢工:
The postal workers are still out.
邮政工人还在罢工。
■to be no longer in prison获释出狱:
I’ve heard Smith’s out now.
我听说史密斯出狱了。
■if a jury (= a group of people who decide the results of a competition or whether or not sb is guilty of a crime) is out,they are still trying to make a decision(评委会或陪审团)还在裁决中
■to no longer be in fashion过时；不流行:
Black is out this year.
今年不时兴黑色。
Politeness seems to be out of fashion these days }(= no one is polite any more)&b{.
如今讲礼貌似乎已经过时了。
■if an action, for example, is out, it is not possible or is not allowed(行动等)不可能，不允许:
Shall we get together one evening next week? Monday’s out — I’ve got a French class.
我们下周抽个晚上聚一聚吧？星期一不行—我有法语课。
[G]v+adv
the jury is (still) ‘out on sth
■used when you are saying that sth is still not certain(某事)仍未定夺， 悬而未决:
The jury is still out on whether wine can be good for you.
葡萄酒对人是否有好处尚无定论。
be ‘out for sth;be ‘out to do sth
■to be trying very hard to do sth or to get sth企求；力图(做某事):
He’s out for revenge.
他企图进行报复。
Everyone’s just out for what they can get these days }(= they are trying to get things for themselves)&b{.
如今每个人都只顾图谋私利。
The German team want to win this game, but Brazil are out to stop them.
德国队想赢得这场比赛，但巴西队会竭力阻止他们。
[G]v+adv+prep ◆ v+adv+to inf
be ‘out of sth
■to have used up a supply of sth and have nothing left用光；耗尽:
We’re out of sugar.
我们的糖吃完了。
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘over sb
■to have returned to your usual state of happiness after the end of a relationship(和某人关系结束后)恢复心情:
It was hard at first, but I’m over him now.
和他分手之初很难过，可我熬过来了。
[G]v+prep
be ‘over sth
■to have returned to your normal state of health after an illness病瘉；恢复健康:
He’s over the flu now.
他的流感好了。
[G]v+prep
be ‘past it (informal)
■used to show that you think sb is so old that they can no longer do anything useful or interesting(某人)年老无用:
The children laughed at him and said he was past it.
孩子们嘲笑他，说他年老不中用了。
[G]v+prep+it
be ‘through (to sb)
■to be connected to sb on the telephone(和某人)接通电话:
You’re through now.
您的电话接通了。
You’re through to the manager now.
您可以和经理通话了。
[G]v+adv
be ‘through (with sb/sth) (especially AmE)
■to have finished using or doing sth; to have finished a relationship with sb不再使用(某物)；做完(某事)；已结束(同某人的)关系:
Aren’t you through yet? You’ve been ages!
你还没做完？你真是没完没了！
He promised he was through with drugs.
他答应不再吸毒了。
Keith and I are through.
基思和我吹了。
[G]v+adv
be ‘up
■to be awake醒来；醒着:
You’re up early.
你醒得真早。
I’ve been up all night.
我彻夜未眠。
■(of the wind, the sea, etc.风、海等) to increase in strength or become violent增强；变得猛烈； 水势(变得) 兇猛:
In the morning the wind was up and we got ready for a day’s sailing.
早晨风力增强了，我们为一天的航行作好了准备。
■(spoken, informal) (of a drink, a meal,etc.饮料、饭菜等) to be ready准备好；预备好:
Tea’s up! Come and get it.
茶沏好了！来用吧。
see also WHAT’S UP at BE UP TO STH
[G]v+adv
be ‘up against sb/sth
■to be facing problems or difficulties面对问题(或困难) :
We’re up against tough competition.
我们面临着激烈的竞争。
With three players injured, they were really up against it }(= in a difficult situation)&b{.
三名队员受了伤，他们的处境实在艰难。
Do you realize what you’re up against?
你意识到你面临着什么吗？
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘up before sb (also be be’fore sb)
■to appear in court or before a judge上法庭； 出庭(受审):
He’s up before the judge tomorrow.
他明天出庭受审。
[G]v+adv+prep ◆ v+prep
be ‘up for sth
■to be considered for sth, especially as a candidate for a job, in an election, etc.为(职位或选举等的)候选人:
She’s up for promotion.
她可能升职。
(informal) There are 50 tickets up for grabs }(= available for people who ask quickly)&b{.
有50 张票，来晚了就没了。
■to be for sb to buy供出售:
I see your house is up for sale .
我知道你的房子要出售。
A Picasso is up for auction .
有一幅毕加索的画要拍卖。
■(informal) to be ready to take part in an activity准备好参加…:
The new job will be a challenge, but I’m up for it .
新工作将是一个挑战，但我已准备应战。
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘up to sb
■to be sb’s responsibility or duty是某人的责任(或职责):
It’s up to you to make sure the house is kept tidy.
保持房屋整洁是你的责任。
■to be left to sb to decide由某人决定:
‘Shall we go out?’ ‘It’s up to you.’
“ 我们出去好吗？”“你来决定吧。
”
[G]v+adv+prep
be ‘up to sth (informal)
■to be busy doing sth,especially sth bad忙于做(尤指坏事):
What have you been up to lately?
你最近忙些什么呢？
The kids are quiet — I’m sure they’re up to no good }(= they are doing sth bad)&b{.
孩子们鸦雀无声的─我敢肯定他们没在干什么好事。
■to be as good as people expect和期待的一样好；不负所望:
Was your meal up to standard?
给你的饭菜够标准吗？
[G]v+adv+prep
what’s up? (spoken, informal)
■used to ask sb if there is something wrong出什么事了；怎么了:
You look terrible! What’s up?
你看上去糟透了！出什么事了？
I couldn’t understand what was up with George.
我无法理解乔治是怎么了。
■used as a greeting to mean ‘how are you?’,‘what have you been doing?’, etc.(问候语)你好吗，忙些什么呢
be upon sb ( formal)
■to be going to happen very soon即将发生:
The election is almost upon us.
选举很快就要开始了。
[G]v+prep
⇨ see irregular verbs
verb
1. linking verb
[V-N] there is / are to exist; to be present
有；存在:
Is there a God?
上帝存在吗？
Once upon a time there was a princess…
从前有一位公主…
I tried phoning but there was no answer.
我试打过电话,但没人接。
There’s a bank down the road.
沿马路不远有一家银行。
Was there a pool at the hotel?
饭店里有游泳池吗？
2. [V +adv. / prep.] to be located; to be in a place
位于；在(某处):
The town is three miles away.
镇子距此地三英里远。
If you’re looking for your file, it’s on the table.
你要找的文件在桌子上。
Mary’s upstairs.
玛丽在楼上。
3. [V +adv. / prep.] to happen at a time or in a place
(在某时或某地)发生:
The party is on Friday evening.
聚会定于周五晚上举行。
The meetings are always in the main conference room.
会议总是在主会议室举行。
4. [V +adv. / prep.] to remain in a place
留在(某地)；逗留:
She has been in her room for hours.
她已经在她的房间里呆了几个小时了。
They’re here till Christmas.
他们将在这里一直住到圣诞节。
5. [V +adv. / prep.] to attend an event; to be present in a place
出席；到场:
I’ll be at the party.
我将出席聚会。
He’ll be here soon (= will arrive soon).
他很快就会到达。
6. [V +adv. / prep.] (only used in the perfect tenses 仅用于完成时) to visit or call
前往；造访；访问:
I’ve never been to Spain.
我从未去过西班牙。
He had been abroad many times.
他曾多次出国。
(BrE) Has the postman been yet?
邮递员来过了吗？
(NAmE) Has the mailman come yet?
邮递员来过了吗？
7. [V] ~ from… used to say where sb was born or where their home is
出生于(某地)；来自…；是(某地的)人:
She’s from Italy.
她是意大利人。
8. linking verb used when you are naming people or things, describing them or giving more information about them
(提供名称或信息时用)
▪ [V-N] Today is Monday.
今天是星期一。
‘Who is that?’ ‘It’s my brother.’
“那个人是谁？” “是我哥哥。”
She’s a great beauty.
她是个大美人。
Susan is a doctor.
苏珊是医生。
He wants to be (= become) a pilot when he grows up.
他想在长大后当飞行员。
▪ [V-ADJ] It’s beautiful!
美呀！
Life is unfair.
人生没有公平。
He is ten years old.
他十岁了。
‘How are you?’ ‘I’m very well, thanks.’
“你好吗？” “我很好,谢谢。”
Be quick!
快点！
▪ [V (that)] The fact is (that) we don’t have enough money.
事实是我们没有那么多钱。
▪ [V -ing V to inf] The problem is getting it all done in the time available.
问题是要在现有的时间内把它全部完成。
The problem is to get it all done in the time available.
问题是要在现有的时间内把它全部完成。
9. linking verb it is / was used when you are describing a situation or saying what you think about it
(描述情况或表达想法)
▪ [V-ADJ] It was really hot in the sauna.
桑拿浴的确很热。
It’s strange how she never comes to see us any more.
奇怪,她怎么再也不来看我们了。
He thinks it’s clever to make fun of people.
他觉得拿别人开玩笑显得聪明。
▪ [V-N] It would be a shame if you lost it.
你要是把它丢了就太可惜了。
It’s going to be a great match.
这将是一场了不起的比赛。
10. linking verb it is / was used to talk about time
(用于表达时间)
▪ [V-N] It’s two thirty.
现在是两点三十。
▪ [V-ADJ] It was late at night when we finally arrived.
我们最后到达时已是深夜。
11. linking verb
▪ [V-N] used to say what sth is made of
(表示所用的材料):
Is your jacket real leather?
你的夹克是真皮的吗？
12. linking verb
▪ [V] ~ mine, yours, etc. | ~ for me, you, etc.
used to say who sth belongs to or who it is intended for
(表示某物所属):
The money’s not yours, it’s John’s.
这钱不是你的,是约翰的。
This package is for you.
这份包裹是给你的。
13. linking verb
[V-N] to cost
花费；值:
‘How much is that dress?’ ‘Eighty dollars.’
“那条连衣裙多少钱？” “八十块钱。”
⇨ note at cost
14. linking verb
[V-N] to be equal to
等于；等同:
Three and three is six.
三加三等于六。
How much is a thousand pounds in euros?
一千英镑合多少欧元？
Let x be the sum of a and b.
设 x 为 a 加 b 之和。
London is not England (= do not think that all of England is like London).
伦敦并不等于英国(不要以为整个英国都像伦敦)。
15. linking verb
▪ [V-N] ~ everything, nothing, etc. (to sb)
used to say how important sth is to sb
(表示对某人的重要性):
Money isn’t everything (= it is not the only important thing).
金钱不是一切(不是唯一重要的东西)。
A thousand dollars is nothing to somebody as rich as he is.
一千英镑对于像他这么富有的人来说算不上什么。
IDIOMS
Most idioms containing be are at the entries for the nouns and adjectives in the idioms, for example be the death of sb is at death.
大多数含 be 的习语,都可在该等习语中的名词及形容词相关词条找到,如 be the death of sb 在词条 death 下。
▪ the 7be-all and ‘end-all (of sth) (informal) the most important part; all that matters
最重要的部份；最要紧的事:
Her career is the be-all and end-all of her existence.
她的事业是她生活中一切的一切。
▪ as / that was
as sb / sth used to be called
像以往所称呼的；作为曾用名:
Jill Davis that was (= before her marriage)
(婚前)姓名为吉尔 · 戴维斯
the Soviet Union, as was
旧称苏联
▪ (he, she, etc. has) been and ‘done sth
(BrE, informal) used to show that you are surprised and annoyed by sth that sb has done
(表示吃惊和恼怒):
Someone’s been and parked in front of the entrance!
有人居然把车停在大门口前！
⇨ see also go and do sth at go v.
▪ if it wasn’t / weren’t for…
used to say that sb / sth stopped sb / sth from happening
若不是(某人/某事)；幸亏:
If it weren’t for you, I wouldn’t be alive today.
如果不是你,我今天不会还活着。
▪ 7leave / 7let sb / sth ‘be
to leave sb / sth alone without disturbing them or it
随…去；不打扰某人/某事:
Leave her be, she obviously doesn’t want to talk about it.
别烦她了,她显然不想谈论这事。
Let the poor dog be (= don’t annoy it).
别逗弄那条可怜的狗了(别惹它)。
▪ -to-be
(in compounds 构成复合词)
future
将来:
his bride-to-be
他的未婚妻
mothers-to-be (= pregnant women)
孕妇
auxiliary verb
1. used with a past participle to form the passive
(与过去分词连用构成被动语态):
He was killed in the war.
他死于这场战争。
Where were they made?
这些是在哪里制造的？
The house was still being built.
房子还在建造中。
You will be told what to do.
会有人告诉你该干什么的。
2. used with a present participle to form progressive tenses
(与现在分词连用构成进行时):
I am studying Chinese.
我正在学中文。
I’ll be seeing him soon.
我很快就要见到他了。
What have you been doing this week?
你这个星期都在做些什么？
I’m always being criticized.
我总是受到批评。
3. used to make question tags (= short questions added to the end of statements)
(用于反意疑问句):
You’re not hungry, are you?
你不饿,对吧？
Ben’s coming, isn’t he?
本要来,是不是？
The old theatre was pulled down, wasn’t it?
老戏院被拆了,对不？
4. used to avoid repeating the full form of a verb in the passive or a progressive tense
(在被动语态或进行时中代替重复的动词完整形式):
Karen wasn’t beaten in any of her games, but all the others were.
卡伦没有输掉任何一场比赛,但所有其他人都输过。
‘Are you coming with us?’ ‘No, I’m not.’
“你和我们一起去吗？” “不,我不了。”
5. ~ to do sth used to say what must or should be done
(表示必须或应该):
I am to call them once I reach the airport.
我一到机场就得给他们打电话。
You are to report this to the police.
你应该报警。
What is to be done about this problem?
该如何处理这个问题？
6. ~ to do sth used to say what is arranged to happen
(表示安排或计划时用):
They are to be married in June.
他们计划于六月份结婚。
7. ~ to do sth used to say what happened later
(表示后来发生的事):
He was to regret that decision for the rest of his life (= he did regret it).
他终生都会后悔作出了那一决定。
8. ~ not, never, etc. to be done used to say what could not or did not happen
(表示不会或没有发生时用):
Anna was nowhere to be found (= we could not find her anywhere).
我们到处都找不到安娜。
He was never to see his wife again (= although he did not know it would be so at the time, he did not see her again).
他注定再也见不到他的妻子了。
She wanted to write a successful novel, but it was not to be (= it turned out never to happen).
她曾想写一部成功的小说,但从未如愿。
9. if sb / it were to do sth… | were sb / it to do sth… (formal) used to express a condition
(表述条件):
If we were to offer you more money, would you stay?
假如我们给你加钱,你愿意留下吗？
Were we to offer you more money, would you stay?
假如我们给你加钱,你愿意留下吗？
1 used with a present participle to form the continuous(4) tenses of verbs 〔和现在分词构成动词的进行时态〕
Don’t disturb me while I’m working.
我工作的时候不要打扰我。
Gemma was reading.
吉玛正在看书。
They’ve been asking a lot of questions.
他们已经问了许多问题。
That guy’s always causing trouble.
那家伙总是惹麻烦。
We’ll be starting in about an hour.
我们过一小时左右开始。
He isn’t leaving, is he?
他不会走吧？
2 used with past participles to form the passive 〔和过去分词构成被动语态〕
Smoking is not permitted.
禁止吸烟。
I was told about it yesterday.
昨天有人告诉了我这件事。
The house is being painted.
房子正在上油漆。
She’s been invited to a party.
她受邀参加聚会。
The flames could be seen several miles away.
熊熊的火焰在几英里以外都能看见。
The police should have been informed about this.
警察本应获悉此事。
3 be to do something formal
a) used to talk about arrangements for the future 将要做某事〔用于表示将来的安排〕
Audrey and Jimmy are to be married in June.
奥德丽和吉米将在六月份结婚。
Two men are to appear in court on charges of armed robbery.
两名男子因被控持械抢劫将出庭受审。
b) used to give an order or to tell someone about a rule 必须做某事〔用于下命令或解释规则〕
You are to wait here in this room until I return.
你必须留在这个房间里等到我回来。
All staff are to wear uniforms.
所有员工都必须穿制服。
c) used to say or ask what someone should do or what should happen 应该做某事〔用于表示或询问某人应该做什么或应该会发生什么事〕
What am I to tell her?
我该对她说什么呢？
He is not to be blamed.
不应该怪他。
d) used to ask how something can be done 应该做某事〔用于询问某事可以怎么做〕
How are we to get out of the present mess?
我们该如何摆脱目前的困境呢？
4 be to be seen/found/heard etc used to say that something can be seen, found, or heard somewhere 能被看到/找到/听到等
A large range of species are to be seen in the aquarium.
水族馆里可以看到许许多多不同种类的鱼。
We searched everywhere but the ring was nowhere to be found (=could not be found).
我们找遍了所有地方，却怎么都找不到那枚戒指。
The only sound to be heard was the twittering of the birds above us.
唯一能听到的声音就是鸟儿在我们头顶上的啁啾。
5 was/were to do something used when talking about a time in the past to say what happened later 后来发生某事〔用于谈及过去某时间之后发生的事〕
6
7 old use used instead of ‘have’ to form the perfect3 tense of some verbs 〔代替have构成某些动词的完成时态〕
be2 ●●● S1 W1 verb
1 [linking verb] used to say that someone or something is the same as the subject of the sentence 是〔表示某人或某物与主语相同〕
2 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] used to say where something or someone is 〔用于表示某物或某人在哪里〕
3 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] used to say when something happens 〔用于表示某事发生的时间〕
4 [linking verb] used to describe someone or something, or say what group or type they belong to 是 〔描述某人或某物的特征或所属的群体或类型〕
5 there is/are used to say that something exists or happens 有，存在〔表示某物存在或某事发生〕
6 [linking verb] to behave in a particular way 有某种表现
7 [linking verb] used to say how old someone is 〔用于表示某人的年龄〕
8 [linking verb] used to say who something belongs to 〔用于表示某物属于某人〕
9 [linking verb] used to talk about the price of something 〔用于表示某物的价格〕
10 [linking verb] to be equal to a particular number or amount 等于，是
11 be that as it may formal used to say that even though you accept that something is true, it does not change a situation 即便如此，尽管如此
12 [intransitive] formal to exist 存在
13 be yourself to behave in a natural way, rather than trying to pretend to be different 行为自然，不做作
14 not be yourself to be behaving in a way that is unusual for you, especially because you are ill or upset 不是你正常的状况，状态不好〔尤因为生病或不高兴〕
15 the be-all and end-all the most important part of a situation or of someone’s life 首要的事情，最要紧的事情
be- /bɪ/ prefix
1 [in verbs] used to mean that someone or something is treated in a particular way 把…视作，把…当作
2 [in adjectives] literary wearing or covered by a particular thing 佩戴，穿戴；覆盖
Origin be- Old English bi-, be- be2 Old English beon
1. AUXILIARY VERB USES 助动词用法
2. OTHER VERB USES 其他动词用法
In spoken English, forms of be are often shortened, for example ‘I am’ is shortened to ‘I’m’ and ‘was not’ is shortened to ‘wasn’t’.
在英语口语中，be经常使用缩合形式。如，I am 略作 I’m, was not 略作 wasn’t。
1.AUX 助动词（和现在分词连用构成动词的进行式） You use be with a present participle to form the continuous tenses of verbs. be going to→see: going;
【语法信息】：AUX -ing
【语法信息】：AUX
This is happening in every school throughout the country…
全国各地每所学校都在发生这样的事情。
She didn’t always think carefully about what she was doing…
她对自己在做的事情并不总是考虑得很清楚。
Pratt & Whitney has announced that it will be making further job reductions…
普惠公司宣布将进一步裁员。
He had only been trying to help…
他只是想尽力帮忙。
He’s doing better than I am.
他现在混得比我好。
2.AUX 助动词（和过去分词连用构成被动语态） You use be with a past participle to form the passive voice.
【语法信息】：AUX -ed
Forensic experts were called in…
法医专家被请来。
Her husband was killed in a car crash…
她的丈夫死于车祸。
The cost of electricity from coal-fired stations is expected to fall…
用煤作燃料的火力发电站的成本有望降低。
Similar action is being taken by the US government.
美国政府正在采取相似的行动。
3.AUX 助动词（和不定式连用表示将来的安排或确定会发生的事情） You use be with an infinitive to indicate that something is planned to happen, that it will definitely happen, or that it must happen. be about to→see: about;
【语法信息】：AUX to-inf
The talks are to begin tomorrow…
谈判将于明天开始。
It was to be Johnson’s first meeting with the board in nearly a month…
这将是近一个月来约翰逊首次和董事会碰面。
You must take the whole project more seriously if you are to succeed…
如果你想成功的话，你必须更认真地对待整个项目。
You are to answer to Brian, to take your orders from him.
你需要向布赖恩汇报，听从他的指挥。
4.AUX 助动词（和不定式连用表示在某种情况下会发生什么事，应该怎样做或应该由谁来做） You use be with an infinitive to say or ask what should happen or be done in a particular situation, how it should happen, or who should do it.
【语法信息】：AUX to-inf
What am I to do without him?…
没有他，我该怎么办？
Who is to say which of them had more power?…
谁来决定他们之中谁的权力应该更大一些？
What is to be done?…
应该怎么做？
Professor Hirsch is to be commended for bringing the state of our educational system to public notice.
在赫希教授的努力下，我们教育体系的现状引起了公众关注，为此对他应该给予嘉许。
5.AUX 助动词（was和were和不定式连用，表示说话时间之后发生的事） You use was and were with an infinitive to talk about something that happened later than the time you are discussing, and was not planned or certain at that time.
【语法信息】：AUX to-inf
Then he received a phone call that was to change his life…
然后，他接到一个将改变他一生的电话。
A few hours later he was to prove it.
几个小时之后他将证明这一点。
6.AUX 助动词（表示可见到、可听到、可发现等） You can say that something is to be seen, heard, or found in a particular place to mean that people can see it, hear it, or find it in that place.
【语法信息】：AUX -ed
Little traffic was to be seen on the streets…
街上车辆很少。
They are to be found all over the world.
它们遍布于世界各地。
In spoken English, forms of be are often shortened, for example ‘I am’ is shortened to ‘I’m’ and ‘was not’ is shortened to ‘wasn’t’.
在英语口语中，be经常使用缩合形式。如，I am 略作 I’m, was not 略作 wasn’t。
1.V-LINK 连系动词（用于提供与主语相关的信息） You use be to introduce more information about the subject, such as its identity, nature, qualities, or position.
【语法信息】：V n
【语法信息】：V adj
【语法信息】：V prep/adv
【语法信息】：V
She’s my mother…
她是我母亲。
This is Elizabeth Blunt, BBC, West Africa…
英国广播公司的伊丽莎白·布伦特在西非为您报道。
He is a very attractive man…
他是一个很有魅力的男人。
My grandfather was a butcher…
我祖父是个屠夫。
The fact that you were willing to pay in the end is all that matters…
最后你愿意付钱才是最重要的。
He is fifty and has been through two marriages…
他今年50岁，经历过两次婚姻。
The sky was black…
天空一片漆黑。
It is 1,267 feet high…
它有1,267英尺高。
Cheney was in Madrid…
切尼当时在马德里。
His house is next door…
他的房子就在隔壁。
Their last major film project was in 1964…
他们上一个重要电影项目完成于1964年。
‘Is it safe?’ — ‘Well of course it is.’…
“安全吗？”——“当然啦。”
He’s still alive isn’t he?
他还活着，不是吗？
2.V-LINK 连系动词（以it作主语，用来进行描述或作出判断） You use be, with ‘it’ as the subject, in clauses where you are describing something or giving your judgment of a situation.
【语法信息】：it V adj
【语法信息】：it V adj to-inf
【语法信息】：it V adj that
【语法信息】：it V adj -ing
【语法信息】：it V n that
【语法信息】：it V n -ing
【语法信息】：it V n to-inf
【语法信息】：it V prep to-inf
It was too chilly for swimming…
这时候游泳太冷了。
Sometimes it is necessary to say no…
有时候拒绝是必要的。
It is likely that investors will face losses…
投资者们可能要面临损失。
It’s nice having friends to chat to…
有朋友聊聊天是很惬意的。
It’s a good thing I brought lots of handkerchiefs…
还好我买了很多手帕。
It’s no good just having meetings…
光开会是没有用的。
It’s a good idea to avoid refined food…
最好少吃精加工食品。
It’s up to us to prove it.
这得靠我们来证明。
3.V-LINK 连系动词（与非人称代词there连用构成there is和there are表示存在或发生） You use be with the impersonal pronoun ‘there’ in expressions like there is and there are to say that something exists or happens.
【语法信息】：there V n
Clearly there is a problem here…
显然，这里出了个问题。
There are very few cars on this street…
这条街道上车辆很少。
There was nothing new in the letter…
信里没有什么新的内容。
There were always things to think about when she went walking.
她去散步的时候总是有一些事情要考虑。
4.V-LINK 连系动词（表示主语和从句和其他从句结构之间的某种联系） You use be as a link between a subject and a clause and in certain other clause structures, as shown below.
【语法信息】：V n
【语法信息】：V to-inf
【语法信息】：V -ing
【语法信息】：V wh
【语法信息】：V that
【语法信息】：V as if
It was me she didn’t like, not what I represented…
她不喜欢的是我，而不是我的陈述。
What the media should not do is to exploit people’s natural fears…
媒体不应该利用人们天生的恐惧心理。
Our greatest problem is convincing them…
我们最大的问题就是要说服他们。
The question was whether protection could be improved…
问题在于是否能够加强保护。
All she knew was that I’d had a broken marriage…
她只知道我的婚姻已经破裂。
Local residents said it was as if there had been a nuclear explosion.
当地的居民说就好像发生了核爆炸一样。
5.V-LINK 连系动词（用在如the thing is和the point is这样的结构中，引导表示陈述或提出观点的从句） You use be in expressions like the thing is and the point is to introduce a clause in which you make a statement or give your opinion.
【语法信息】：V cl
【STYLE标签】：SPOKEN 口语
The fact is, the players gave everything they had…
事实上，选手们尽了全力。
The plan is good; the problem is it doesn’t go far enough.
计划不错；问题在于不够深入。
6.V-LINK 连系动词（用在如to be fair, to be honest或to be serious 这样的结构中表示尽量） You use be in expressions like to be fair ,to be honest, or to be serious to introduce an additional statement or opinion, and to indicate that you are trying to be fair, honest, or serious.
【语法信息】：V adj
She’s always noticed. But then, to be honest, Ghislaine likes being noticed…
她总是受到关注。但是说句实在话，吉莱纳喜欢被人关注。
It enabled students to devote more time to their studies, or to be more accurate, more time to relaxation.
它可以让学生们有更多的时间来学习，或者更准确一点说，有更多的时间来放松自己。
7.V-LINK 连系动词（有时用来代替现在时态中be的几个常规形式，尤用于whether后） The form ‘be’ is used occasionally instead of the normal forms of the present tense, especially after ‘whether’.
【语法信息】：be n
【STYLE标签】：FORMAL 正式
The chemical agent, whether it be mustard gas or nerve gas, can be absorbed by the skin.
这类化学制剂，不管是芥子气还是神经瓦斯，都会被皮肤吸收。
8.VERB 动词存在 If something is, it exists.
【语法信息】：V
【STYLE标签】：mainly FORMAL or LITERARY 主正式或文
It hurt so badly he wished to cease to be.
他觉得疼痛难忍，恨不得死了算了。
…to be or not to be.
活着还是死去
9.V-LINK 连系动词保持真我；按自己的方式行事；显常态 To be yourself means to behave in the way that is right and natural for you and your personality.
【语法信息】：V pron-refl
She’d learnt to be herself and to stand up for her convictions.
她已经学会了按自己的方式行事，坚持自己的信仰。
10.PHRASE 短语非常；极为 If someone or something is, for example, as happy as can be or as quiet as could be, they are extremely happy or extremely quiet.
【搭配模式】：usu v-link PHR
11.PHRASE 短语如果不是…的话；如果没有…的话 If you talk about what would happen if it wasn’t for someone or something, you mean that they are the only thing that is preventing it from happening.
【搭配模式】：V inflects
I could happily move back into a flat if it wasn’t for the fact that I’d miss my garden…
如果不是因为我会想念自己的花园的话，我会很乐意搬回公寓住。
If it hadn’t been for her your father would be alive today.
如果不是因为她，你父亲今天可能还活着。
12.PHRASE 短语尽管那样；即便如此 You say ‘Be that as it may’ when you want to move onto another subject or go further with the discussion, without deciding whether what has just been said is right or wrong.
【语用信息】：vagueness
‘Is he still just as fat?’ — ‘I wouldn’t know,’ continued her mother, ignoring the interruption, ‘and be that as it may, he has made a fortune.’
“他还是那么胖吗？”——“我不知道，”她妈妈接着说，没有理睬这一打岔，“就算那样，他已经发财了。”
13.PHRASE 短语身体不舒服；身体不适 If you say that you are not yourself, you mean you are not feeling well.
【搭配模式】：V inflects
She is not herself. She came near to a breakdown.
她身体不舒服，简直要崩溃了。
present first singular am /ˈæm/ /əm/ second singular are /ˈɑɚ/ /ɚ/ third singular is /ˈɪz/ /əz/ plural are past tense for first and third singular was /ˈwəz/ second singular were /ˈwɚ/ plural were past participle been /ˈbɪn/ Brit /ˈbiːn/ present participle being /ˈbiːjɪŋ/
1
[linking verb] a — used to indicate the identity of a person or thing是（用于指出人或物的身份、属性）
Today is Wednesday.
今天是星期三。
John is my brother.
约翰是我的兄弟。
The first person I met was Susan. = Susan was the first person I met.
我遇见的第一个人是苏珊。
Who are you?
你是谁？
“There’s someone at the door.” “Who is it?” “It’s David.”
“门口有人。”“是谁呀？”“是戴维。”
Your responsibility is to keep this area clean. = Keeping this area clean is your responsibility.
你负责这片区域的卫生。
b — used to describe the qualities of a person or thing是（用于描述人或物的特性）
My hands are cold.
我双手冰凉。
He is 35 years old and six feet tall.
他35岁，身高六英尺。
I’m hungry.
我饿了。
The leaves are green, and so is the grass.
树叶是绿色的，草也是。
The noise was very loud.
噪声很大。
The way he behaves is foolish.
他的行为方式很愚蠢。
How foolish he is!
他真傻！
“(Are) You hungry?” “Yes, I am.”
“你饿吗？”“是的，我饿了。”
The book is about English grammar.
这是本英语语法书。
These people are with me.
这些都是我的人。
The letter is for you.
这封信是写给你的。
They asked the students not to be late. = They asked that the students not be late.
他们要求学生不要迟到。
Treat people with respect, whether they are rich or poor. = (formal) Treat people with respect, whether they be rich or poor. = (formal) Treat people with respect, be they rich or poor.
尊重他人，不分贵贱。
Our neighbors are being unusually friendly lately.
我们的邻居最近格外友好。
Don’t be such a fool! [=don’t act in such a foolish way] 别傻了！
To be perfectly/quite honest/frank (with you), I didn’t like the movie. [=I am speaking honestly/frankly when I say that I didn’t like the movie] 坦白说，我不喜欢这部电影。
The book is mine.
这本书是我的。
I’d do it if I were you. [=I think you should do it] 如果我是你，我就会去做。
c — used to indicate the condition of a person or thing表示某人或某事的状态
“Hi. How are you?” “Fine, thanks. How are you?”
“嗨，你好吗？”“我很好，谢谢。你呢？”
How is your father? = How is your father’s health?
你父亲身体好吗？
2
[linking verb] — used to indicate the group, class, category, etc., that a person or thing belongs to是，属于（表示某人或某物所属群体或类别）
I’m a doctor and my sister is a lawyer.
我是医生，我妹妹是律师。
That fish is a trout.
那是一条鳟鱼。
The trout is a (kind of) fish.
鳟是一种鱼。
Apes are mammals.
猿是哺乳动物。
She’s a hard worker. [=she works hard] 她是一个工作勤奋的人。
What a fool he is! [=he is a fool] 他真是个傻瓜！
Being an artist herself [=because she is an artist herself], she tends to look at other people’s paintings very critically.
由于自己是画家，她看别人的画往往非常挑剔。
3
[linking verb] — used to indicate the place, situation, or position of a person or thing在…；处于…
The book is on the table.
书在桌子上。
“Where’s John?” “He’s in the living room.”
“约翰在哪儿？”“他在客厅。”
The house is past the bridge.
那座房子在桥的那头。
It was great being here. = It was great to be here.
很高兴来到这里。
I must be on my way. [=I must go] 我得上路了。
Here’s the book. = Here it is.
书在这里。
4
[linking verb] a — used in phrases with there to describe a situation, occurrence, etc.有，存在（与there连用构成短语）
There is a book on the table. [=a book is on the table] 桌上有本书。
There are concerts several times a week. [=concerts are held several times a week] 一周有好几场音乐会。
There will be concerts next week.
下周有几场音乐会。
“There’s someone at the door.” “Who is it?” “It’s John.”
“门口有人。”“是谁呀？”“是约翰。”
b — used in phrases with it to indicate a time or place or to describe a current, past, or future condition与it连用构成短语，表示时间、地点或描述现在、过去、未来的情况
It’s 12 o’clock. [=the time is 12 o’clock] 现在是12点。
It’s noon/early/late.
现在是中午/时间还早/时间晚了。
It’s Wednesday today. [=today is Wednesday] 今天是星期三。
It was noon when we arrived. [=we arrived at noon] 我们到的时候已经是中午了。
It was here that I lost my way. [=I lost my way here] 我就是在这里迷路的。
It’s raining.
正在下雨。
It’s hot out!
外面很热！
It’s odd that he didn’t see us. [=the fact that he didn’t see us was odd] 他居然没看见我们，真奇怪。
5
[linking verb] — used to say how much something costs花费；值
“I like this painting. How much is it?” [=how much does it cost?] “It’s 600 dollars.” [=it costs 600 dollars] “我喜欢这幅画。它要多少钱？”“600美元。”
6
[linking verb] — used to say that one amount or number is the same as another等于；等同
Three plus two is [=equals] five.
三加二等于五。
7
[no object] : to happen or take place举行；发生
The concert was last night.
音乐会是昨晚举行的。
The concert is [=will be] tomorrow night. [=the concert will take place tomorrow night] 音乐会将在明晚举行。
“When was the Battle of Waterloo?” “(It was) In 1815.”
“滑铁卢战役发生在什么时候？”“1815年。”
“When is Christmas?” “It’s on a Wednesday this year.”
“圣诞节是什么时候？”“今年是在星期三。”
8
[no object] : to come or go来；去 — used in perfect tenses用于完成时
She has already been [=come] and gone.
她已经来过又走了。
Have you ever been [=gone] to Rome?
你去过罗马吗？
I haven’t been there for several years.
我好几年没去那里了。
I’ve been waiting for you for half an hour. Where have you been? [=where were you?; why weren’t you here?] 我等了你半个小时。你去哪儿了？
◊ People who have been there, done that are bored about the idea of going somewhere or doing something because they have already done it before. This is an informal phrase that is often used in a joking way.早就去过，早就做过，不稀奇（非正式短语，用作戏谑之意）
I suggested to my cousin that she go to Florida for her vacation, but she said, “Been there, done that.”
我建议表姐去佛罗里达度假，但她却说：“去过了，不稀奇。”
9
[no object] somewhat formal : to exist or live在；存在；生存
I think, therefore I am. [=exist] 我思故我在。
Once upon a time there was [=lived] a knight.
从前有一位骑士。
There once was a man who dwelt alone in a small village.
曾经有个人独自居住在小村庄里。
all the things that are [=exist] 存在着的万物
“To be, or not to be: that is the question.”
“生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题。”
Shakespeare, Hamlet (1600)莎士比亚，《哈姆雷特》(1600)
10
[auxiliary verb] — used with the past participle of a verb to form passive constructions与动词的过去分词连用构成被动语态
The money was found by a child.
钱被一个孩子找到了。
They were [=got] married by a priest.
他们的婚礼是由牧师主持的。
Don’t be fooled by what he says.
不要被他的话骗了。
Please be seated. [=please sit down] 请坐。
The election was expected to produce a very close result.
预计这次选举的得票数会非常接近。
God be praised! [=let God be praised] 赞美主啊！
I was surprised by her rudeness.
她的无礼让我感到惊讶。
11
[auxiliary verb] a — used with the present participle of a verb to express continuous action与动词的现在分词连用表示持续进行的动作
They are studying.
他们正在学习。
I have been sleeping.
我一直在睡觉。
He was reading.
他那会儿在看书。
Are you getting hungry?
你饿了没？
Our neighbors are being unusually friendly.
我们的邻居一直格外地友好。
b — used with the present participle of a verb to express future or later action与动词的现在分词连用表示将来的动作
I’m seeing him tomorrow. [=I will see him tomorrow] 我明天去看他。
We are leaving soon. [=we will leave soon] 我们马上就要离开了。
12
[auxiliary verb] a — used with to + verb to say what will happen or was going to happen in the future与动词不定式连用表示将来会发生的事情
The best is yet/still to come. [=the best has not yet happened] 最好的尚未出现。
No one realized that she was one day to become famous. [=that she would become famous one day] 谁也没想到她有朝一日会成名。
She was not/never to see him again. [=she would never see him again] 她再也不会去见他了。
There are to be two concerts next week. [=there will be two concerts next week] 下周将举行两场音乐会。
b — used with to + verb to say what should happen or be done与动词不定式连用表示应该发生的事情
People like that are to be pitied, not hated. [=people like that should be pitied] 像这样的人应该得到我们的怜悯，而不是憎恶。
You are not (allowed) to smoke in here!
此处禁止吸烟！
What am I to do? [=what should I do?] 我应该做什么？
c — used in negative statements with to + verb to say what is or was possible在否定句中与动词不定式连用，表示可能性
The truth of their argument was not to be denied. [=could not be denied] 不能否认他们论据的真实性。
You’re not to blame: you weren’t to know he’d be offended. [=you could not have known that he would be offended] 不能怪你：当时你不可能知道那样会冒犯他。
The book was nowhere to be found. [=could not be found] 这本书找不到了。
d — used with to + verb to say that one thing must happen or be true so that another thing can happen or be true与动词不定式连用表示某事的成立是另一事成立的前提条件
He must study if he is to pass his exams. [=he must study in order to pass his exams] 他要想通过考试就必须学习。
13
[auxiliary verb] — used like have with the past participle of some verbs to form perfect tenses与某些不及物动词的过去分词连用，构成完成时态
He isn’t here: he is [=has] gone.
他不在这儿：他已经走了。
— now often considered archaic现常被视为古体用法
Christ is risen. [=Christ has risen] 基督升天了。
be yourself
: to behave in a normal or natural way显得自然；处于正常状态
You’re not yourself today. What’s the matter?
你今天和平时不太一样。出什么事了？
I’ll be myself again once I’ve had something to eat.
我只要吃点东西就会恢复正常。
“How can I impress her?” “Just be yourself!”
“我怎样才能打动她呢？”“平时什么样就什么样！”
leave (someone or something) be
— see 1leave
let (someone or something) be
— see 1let
the best is yet to be
— see 3best
the powers that be
— see 1power
to be sure
— see 1sure
