backward

一、真题好句
backwards (Am backward) 选择性必修1000 全国卷频次:1 教材出处:译林版必修B2U2
/ˈbækwədz/ /ˈbækwərd/
ad.
向后地，相反地；追溯；退步，由好变坏
高考真题原句提选：
The animal fell backwards with an angry loud cry.
It is not that they are growing backwards—their legs, arms and backbones getting shorter.

二、词组｜习惯用语
backward area 落后地区
step backward 倒退；返回；逐帧倒放
backward country 经济落后国家
backward extrusion 反挤压；反向挤压；逆向挤制
backward compatibility 向后兼容；反向兼容性
backward position 反转位置，回程位置
backward integration 向后整合
backward movement 反向运动
backward wave oscillator 逆波振荡器
backward somersault 倒毛跟斗；倒筋斗跳；后空翻

三、词根记忆

backward
a.
向後的,倒行的;遲鈍的ad.向後,朝反方向The backward man lacks black background.落後的男子缺少黑色背景.
a.
向後的(back後邊)[-ward表形容詞+副詞,”向…”]

back·ward / 5bAkwEd; NAmE -wErd /
adjective
1. [only before noun] directed or moving towards the back
向后的；朝后的:
She strode past him without a backward glance.
她大步从他身边走过,都没有回头瞧他一眼。
2. moving in a direction that means that no progress is being made
倒退的；反向的
SYN retrograde :
She felt that going back to live in her home town would be a backward step.
她觉得回到家乡生活就是没出息。
3. having made less progress than normal; developing slowly
落后的；进步缓慢的:
a backward part of the country, with no paved roads and no electricity
该国的一个落后地区,没有铺设马路也没有电力
a backward child
迟钝儿童 (BrE, informal)
She’s not backward in coming forward (= she’s not shy).
她勇敢地站出来。
⇨ compare forward

backward /ˈbækwəd $ -wərd/ ●●○ adjective
1  [only before noun] looking or facing in the direction that is behind you 向后的，朝后的 OPP forward
She went without a backward glance.
她头也不回地走了。
2  developing slowly and less successfully than most others 发展缓慢的，落后的
a backward country
落后的国家
a backward child
迟钝的孩子
—backwardness noun [uncountable] Word family 

backwards /ˈbækwədz $ -wərdz/ ●●● S3 (also backward /-wəd $ -wərd/ American English) adverb
1  in the direction that is behind you 向后，朝后 OPP forwards
Hannah took a step backward.
汉娜往后退了一步。
She pushed me and I fell backwards into the chair.
她推了我一下，我便往后倒在椅子上。
2  towards the beginning or the past 往回，往前面 OPP forwards
Count backwards from 100.
从100倒数。
3  with the back part in front 前后反过来
Your T-shirt is on backwards.
你的T恤衫前后穿反了。
4  towards a worse state 倒退地，退步地，每况愈下地 OPP forwards
The new measures are seen by some as a major step backwards.
新举措在有些人看来是一个很大的倒退。
5  backwards and forwards first in one direction and then in the opposite direction, usually many times 来回地，忽前忽后地
Kip stumbled backwards and forwards before falling down.
基普前后踉跄了几步便摔倒了。
6  bend/lean over backwards (to do something) to try as hard as possible to help or please someone 〔指为了帮助或取悦某人〕拼命（做某事），竭尽全力（做某事）
City officials bent over backwards to help downtown businesses.
市政府官员竭力帮助发展市中心的企业。
7  know something backwards British English, know something backwards and forwards American English to know something very well or perfectly 对某事了如指掌，熟知某事
She practiced her part until she knew it backwards and forwards.
她反复练习她的台词和动作，直到非常熟练。

backward ★★☆☆☆
In American English, backward is usually used as an adverb instead of backwards.Backward is also sometimes used in this way in formal British English. See backwards for these uses.

美国英语通常将backward用作副词，而不用backwards。正式的英国英语中有时也有这种用法。此类用法参见backwards。

1.ADJ 形容词向后的，往后的（一些人亦使用backwards) A backward movement or look is in the direction that your back is facing. Some people use backwards for this meaning.

【搭配模式】：ADJ n
He unlocked the door of apartment two and disappeared inside after a backward glance at Larry…

他打开2号公寓的门，回头瞥了拉里一眼，然后就进了房间。

He did a backward flip.

他做了一个后空翻。

2.ADJ 形容词倒退的；不进反退的 If someone takes a backward step, they do something that does not change or improve their situation, but causes them to go back a stage.

【搭配模式】：ADJ n
At a certain age, it’s not viable for men to take a backward step into unskilled work…

到了一定的年龄，就不可能再退回去干不需要技能的工作。

Many dentists will no longer treat National Health Service patients, which is a big backward step in this country.

许多牙医不再为依靠国民保健制度的病人看病，这是该国的一大倒退。

3.ADJ-GRADED 能被表示程度的副词或介词词组修饰的形容词落后的 A backward country or society does not have modern industries and machines.
We need to accelerate the pace of change in our backward country.

我们应当为落后的祖国加快变革的脚步。

backwardness
I was astonished at the backwardness of our country at the time.

我们国家当时的落后程度让我感到震惊。

4.ADJ-GRADED 能被表示程度的副词或介词词组修饰的形容词迟钝的；学习吃力的 A backward child has difficulty in learning.
…research into teaching techniques to help backward children…

关于帮助落后孩子的教学方法研究

I was slow to walk and talk and my parents thought I was backward.

我学走路和说话都很慢，所以我父母以为我很迟钝。

backwardness
…her backwardness in practical and physical activities.

她在实践和体育活动方面的迟钝

1 backward (chiefly US) /ˈbækwɚd/ adverb
or backwards /ˈbækwɚdz/
1
: toward the back : to or toward what is behind向后；朝后
a sudden movement backward, not forward
突然向后而不是向前的移动
I heard a noise behind me and glanced backward.
我听见身后有声响便朝后扫了一眼。
He pushed the throttle backward.
他踩油门向后倒车
She took a small step backward.
她向后退了一小步。
Can you skate backward?
你能倒着滑冰吗？
2
: opposite to the usual way : in reverse反向地；逆向地
Count backward from 10.
从10开始倒数。
3
: toward the past（时间）向过去
a journey backward in time
回首往事的心路旅程
The narrative moves backward and forward in time.
故事的叙述手法既有顺叙，也有倒叙。
4
: to or toward a less advanced state or condition : toward a worse state倒退地；退步地
His new job, which paid less and had fewer responsibilities, felt like a step backward.
他的新工作薪酬低管事少，感觉像是倒退了一步。
bend over backward or lean over backward also fall over backward
: to make a great effort to help someone or to reach agreement with someone（帮助别人或为与某人达成协议）尽心尽力，不遗余力
The salesman said he would bend over backward to make the deal.
推销员说他会尽力做成这笔交易。
I’ve leaned over backward to please you—and you haven’t even said thank you!
我为了让你高兴使出浑身解数，可你连声谢谢都没说！
know something backward and forward
— see 1know
2 backward /ˈbækwɚd/ adjective
1
a : directed or turned toward the back向后的；朝后的
a backward glance
向后一瞥
a backward baseball cap
反戴的棒球帽
a sudden backward movement
突然的向后移动
b : done backward向后做的
a backward somersault
后空翻
2
[more backward; most backward] : behind others : not as advanced as others in learning or development落后的；后进的
(old-fashioned) He was a backward pupil who struggled to keep up in school.
他是一名落后生，非常努力地想跟上学校课程。
a technologically backward village that has no running water
没有自来水的科技落后的村庄
— backwardly adverb
— backwardness noun [noncount] the technological backwardness of the village
村庄的技术落后